Latest PDF of CVA: Certified Valuation Analyst (CVA)

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Certified Valuation Analyst® (CVA®) Determine, Defend, and Maximize Company Value™

Business valuation is the "Gold Rush" of the century. 10 million small businesses will change hands over the next 10 years. Could you confidently advise your clients if they came to you faced with these issues-
An opportunity arises to sell or merge the business.
They are faced with transitioning the business to family members or other partners.
They are looking to expand the business and need to secure capital.
They are taking on new partners and need to determine buy-in price.
They are reaching retirement and considering an exit strategy.
Business partners or shareholders are exiting, requiring the business to be divided or dissolved.
They are embroiled in financial litigation.
They want to focus energies to grow company value.

Establish your authority in matters of value! Bolster your reputation with your clients. Enhance your credibility within the business community. Demonstrate competency to the courts that you can articulate business value.

I. OVERVIEW 4.0%
A. Purpose for business valuation 0.5%
1. Financial accounting
2. Tax valuations
3. Litigation
4. Merger and acquisition
B. Standards of value 1.5%
1. Definitions of standards of value, including
a) Fair market value (U.S. based definition as starting point)
b) Statutory fair value
c) Financial reporting fair value
(1) IFRS
(2) U.S. GAAP
d) Investment (strategic) value
e) Intrinsic (fundamental) value
2. Relationship between purpose of the valuation and standard of value
C. Premise of value 0.5%
1. Going concern
2. Assemblage of assets
3. Liquidation (orderly or forced)
D. Principles of value 1.0%
1. Value is determined as of specific point in time
2. Value reflects prospective cash flow
3. Value reflects the level of risk into the rate of return
4. Value is influenced by liquidity
E. Levels of value 0.5%
1. Lack of control (minority vs. control)
2. Marketable vs. non-marketable
3. Strategic and investment value
II. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND STANDARDS 4.5%
A. NACVA Standards 1.5%
B. Ethical considerations 1.0%
C. Communicating and reporting analysis and results 1.0%
D. Roles of the valuation analyst in litigation services 1.0%
III. ENGAGEMENT ACCEPTANCE AND PLANNING 3.0%
A. Defining the engagement 1.0%
1. Valuation date and its importance
2. Structure of the entity
3. Interest being valued
4. Purpose and objective of valuation
5. Standard of value and premise of value
6. Conflict checks
B. Engagement Letters 1.0%
1. Purpose
2. Content
C. Acceptance 1.0%
1. Experience
2. Staffing
3. Expectations
IV. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 9.0%
A. International Sources of Data 1.5%
B. Economic Environment 1.5%
1. Macro-environment
2. Micro-environment
3. Relationship of economic activity to the valuation
C. Industry background 3.0%
1. Economic data
2. Structure, trends, and life cycle
3. Market and competitive analysis
D. Company background 3.0%
1. Company structure and ownership
2. Site visit and interviews with key personnel
3. History and nature
4. Economic data (cost structure, pricing power, marginal analysis)
5. SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
V. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 15.5%
A. Financial statements 4.5%
1. Source (audited/reviewed/compiled/tax returns/internal)
2. Number of years to obtain
3. Common size
4. Trend analysis
5. Ratios
6. Comparative analysis
a) Specific company
b) Industry averages
B. Adjustments to financial statements 4.5%
1. Normalizing
a) Control vs. non-control
b) Discretionary
c) Reasonable compensation analysis
d) Extraordinary/non-recurring
2. Operating vs. non-operating items
3. Off-balance sheet and unrecorded items
C. Statistical Analysis 3.0%
1. Measures of central tendency (arithmetic, harmonic, geometric means)
2. Measures of dispersion (including variance and standard deviation)
3. Statistical strengths of numerical relationships (including covariance, correlation, coefficient of determination, and coefficient of variation)
4. Linear regression
D. Types of benefit streams and selection 3.5%
1. Selection of appropriate time periods (including mid-year convention)
2. Selection of appropriate type of income/cash flow
3. Growth assumptions
a) Trend line projected
b) Constant
c) Erratic
d) Level
e) Declining growth approaches
E. Historical vs. projection based on considerations
F. Relating effects due to economic/industry events and trends
G. Pass-through entities – tax effecting of the benefit stream
VI. VALUATION APPROACHES 28%
A. Income approach 10%
1. General theory
2. Defining applicable income/cash flow
3. Sources of data
4. Capitalization vs. discount rates
5. Commonly used methods
a) Discounted economic income/cash flow method (DCF) (multi-stage model)
(1) The method is applied using cash flow available to invested capital
(2) The method is applied using cash flow available to equity
b) Capitalized economic income/cash flow method (CCF), including Gordon Growth
Model (constant growth model)
(1) The method is applied using cash flow available to invested capital
(2) The method is applied using cash flow available to equity
c) Excess earnings (cash flow) method
d) Dividend paying capacity
B. Market approach 8.0%
1. General theory
2. Commonly used methods
a) Transactions in subject companys stock
b) Transactions/sales of companies similar to subject
(1) Guideline public companies
(a) General theory
(b) Selecting guideline companies
i) Sources of data
ii) Size adjustments
(c) Equity vs. invested capital (including multiples)
(d) Selection of appropriate time periods
(e) Selection of appropriate multiples
i) Adjusting for growth, size, and company specific risk
(2) Guideline merged and acquired companies
(a) General theory
(b) Sources of data/relevant transactional databases
(c) Consideration of the selection of data points
C. Asset Approach 6.0%
1. General theory
2. Sources of data
3. Commonly used methods
a) Book value
b) Net tangible value
c) Adjusted net asset method (intangible and tangible assets)
d) Excess earnings method
e) Liquidation method (forced or orderly)
4. Identifying and valuing intangible assets
a) Approaches and methods
b) Estimated life
c) Impairment
5. Off-balance sheet and unrecorded items (including tax issues)
D. Sanity Checks 2.0%
1. General theory
2. Sources of data
3. Commonly used methods
a) Industry formulas (“Rules of Thumb”)
b) Justification of purchase
E. Reconciliation of indicated values 2.0%
VII. COST OF CAPITAL CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY, AND OTHER PRICING MODELS 17.5%
A. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) 6.0%
1. Risk free rate
2. Equity risk premium
3. Beta (ß) including un-levered and re-levered
B. Build-up method and Modified CAPM 5.5%
1. Risk free rate
2. Equity risk premium
3. Beta (ß) including un-levered and re-levered
4. Size risk premium
5. Industry risk premium
6. Company specific risk
7. Long-term sustainable growth
8. Other
C. Weighted average cost of capital 4.0%
D. Converting after tax risk rates to pre-tax rates 1.0%
E. Other recognized methods (e.g. Gordon Growth, Arbitrage Pricing, Fama- French Three Factor, Market Multiples, Risk Rate Component Model) 1.0%
VIII. DISCOUNTS, PREMIUMS, AND OTHER ADJUSTMENTS 13%
A. Levels of value and effect on discounts and premiums 2.0%
1. Synergistic value
2. Control value
3. Non-controlling, marketable value
4. Non-controlling, non-marketable value
B. Adjustments for Control Issues 3.5%
1. General theory
2. Sources of data
3. Ownership characteristics
4. Magnitude
5. Relationship to how benefit stream is defined
C. Adjustments for Marketability Issues 3.5%
1. General theory
2. Sources of data
3. Ownership characteristics
4. Restrictions on transferability
5. Magnitude
6. Models
D. Discounts and premiums—understanding the empirical studies 2.0%
E. Subsequent events 1.0%
F. Other valuation discounts and adjustments (e.g. Key Person, Blockage, Restrictive Agreement, Lack of Voting, Lack of Liquidity, Contingent Liabilities) 1.0%
IX. SPECIAL PURPOSE VALUATION 5.5% %
A. Intangible assets 2.0%
B. Debt securities 0.5%
C. Convertible securities 0.5%
D. Preferred stock 0.5%
E. Stock options 0.5%
F. Voting vs. Non-voting stock 0.5%
G. Professional vs. practice goodwill 0.5%
H. Other special purpose valuations (e.g. Fair Value, Mergers and Acquisitions, Pension Benefits, Insurance policies) 0.5%
Total 100%

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C. The comparative sales method
D. A and C
Answer: D
QUESTION: 236
Which of the following attribute should be there for an intangible asset to exist from an
economic perspective?
A. It should be subject to legal existence and protection
B. It should be subject to specific identification and recognizable description
C. It should be subject to right of private ownership
D. All of these
Answer: D
QUESTION: 237
Which of the following is NOT a common category of intangible assets?
A. Technology-related
B. Human-capital-related
C. Location-related
D. Data warehousing-related
Answer: D
QUESTION: 238
____________ is a specialized classification of intangible and its categories are creative
(e.g. copyrights) and innovative (e.g. patents).
A. Intellectual properties
B. Intellectual capital
C. Both A & B
D. Intellectual rights
Answer: A
QUESTION: 239
The cost approach provides a systematic framework for estimating the value of an
intangible asset based on the economic principle of:
A. Substitution
B. Competition
C. Double counting
D. Asset-based approach
70
Answer: A
QUESTION: 240
An intangible�s deficiencies are considered curable when the prospective economic
benefit of enhancing or modifying it exceeds the current cost (in terms of material, labor,
and time) to change it. An intangible�s deficiencies are considered incurable when:
A. The current costs of enhancing or modifying it (in terms of material, labor and time)
can not exceed the expected future economic benefits of improving it
B .The current costs of enhancing or modifying it (in terms of material, labor and time)
exceed the expected future economic benefits of improving it
C. Cost encompasses all of the deficiencies
D. Reproduction cost exceeds the genuine production cost
Answer: B
QUESTION: 241
Analysts should consider each of the following measure when estimating the remaining
useful life of intangible asset EXCEPT:
A. Remaining legal (or legal protection) life (e.g., remaining term of trademark
protection)
B. Remaining contractual life (e.g., remaining term on a lease)
C. Remaining copyrighted life (e.g., time period for which copyrights are sold)
D. Remaining technological life (e.g., period until the current technology becomes
obsolete, for patents, proprietary processes, etc.)
Answer: C
QUESTION: 242
Because of the advanced features (protected by the several patents), Seller management
estimates that:
A. Seller sells more widgets than it otherwise would
B. Seller has a greater market share than it otherwise would
C. Seller�s average selling price per unit is higher than its competitors� prices
D. Seller has short-term supply contract supply contract with the key supplier
Answer: A, B, C
QUESTION: 243
The analyst used __________ to quantify the value of intangible assets. The analyst
estimated the current cost required for the company to recreate its current level of
customer awareness, brand recognition and consumer loyalty.
71
A. Asset accumulation method
B. Income approach
C. Recreation cost method
D. Valuing intangibles method
Answer: C
QUESTION: 244
This is sometimes considered the accumulation of all other elements of economic value
of business enterprise not specifically with (or allocated to) individual tangible and
intangible assts. Its analysis and qualification is an important component in the
application of asset accumulation method to a company like Seller. What is this?
A. Trademark
B. Goodwill
C. Patents
D. Copyrights
Answer: B
QUESTION: 245
Asset accumulation method can quickly quantify the effects on business value of many
common seller structural considerations, such as:
A. What if the seller retains the company�s cash on hand or accounts receivables?
B. What if seller does not retain (or leases back to the company) the operating real estate
facilities?
C. What if seller sells the title of the patents or to some other intangible asset owned by
the company?
D. What if seller does not legally retain any or all of the debt instruments?
Answer: A
QUESTION: 246
Which of the following is the primary disadvantage of the asset accumulation method?
A. If taken to an extreme, it can be very expensive and time consuming
B. It may necessitate the involvement o appraisal specialists in several asset valuation
disciplines
C. The valuation requires the valuation of all the company assets
D. The value of all assets, properties, or business interests depends on their economic
income-generating capacity
Answer: A
QUESTION: 247
72
A general category of taxable events relates to the amount of recognition of income (if
any) associated with economic benefits received by a business. Examples of this category
of taxable events include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. The valuation of property received, such as rents
B. The valuation (or the solvency/insolvency test) related to the recognition (or non-
recognition)
C.A valuation that is needed when a business (whether the business is a proprietorship,
corporation or partnership)
D. A valuation when a tax payer claims a deduction
Answer: C, D
QUESTION: 248
There are some allowable methods for determining the basis of property received in
exchange for other property. Which of the following is/are out those methods?
A. Income basis of tax on the property
B. If a taxpayer receives property for services, then the original basis of the property
when it is received is its original price
C. The basis is the fair market value of the property exchanged for it, increased by any
payments made or decreased by any payments received, when the two properties are of
unequal value
D. The basis is the fair market value of the property when its is received
Answer: C, D
QUESTION: 249
Various transactional and taxation events may occur that change the taxpayer�s original
basis in the property. These events usually ___________the original basis.
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Increase or decrease
D. It depends
Answer: C
QUESTION: 250
No deduction is allowed for any charitable contribution of ________ or more unless the
taxpayer substantiates the contribution by a contemporaneous written acknowledge from
the donee organization of the contribution.
A. $300
B. $400
C. $350
73
D. $250
Answer: D
QUESTION: 251
The IRC limits an individual taxpayer�s charitable deduction each year to a percentage of
adjusted gross income, depending on:
A. The value of gift
B. The type of gift
C. The fair market price of gift
D. Valuation advisories
Answer: B
74

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Certified Valuation Analyst (CVA) Practice Test

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